From 3bfd137f3228b08cf60e941cf3577f6959a99755 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: luoxiang <2806718453@qq.com> Date: Sun, 12 May 2019 23:14:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=9A=90=E5=BC=8F=E8=BD=AC=E6=8D=A2=E5=92=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=9A=90=E5=BC=8F=E5=8F=82=E6=95=B0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- notes/Scala类和对象.md | 4 +- notes/Scala类型参数.md | 154 ++++++++++ notes/Scala类型参数化.md | 0 notes/Scala隐式转换和隐式参数.md | 358 ++++++++++++++++++++++ pictures/scala-richInt.png | Bin 0 -> 11413 bytes pictures/scala-视图界定.png | Bin 0 -> 20805 bytes 6 files changed, 514 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 notes/Scala类型参数.md delete mode 100644 notes/Scala类型参数化.md create mode 100644 notes/Scala隐式转换和隐式参数.md create mode 100644 pictures/scala-richInt.png create mode 100644 pictures/scala-视图界定.png diff --git a/notes/Scala类和对象.md b/notes/Scala类和对象.md index fd8b7f4..df80bd5 100644 --- a/notes/Scala类和对象.md +++ b/notes/Scala类和对象.md @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ object Person { + 写在主构造器中的代码块会在类初始化的时候被执行，功能类似于Java的静态代码块`static{}` ```scala -class Person(name: String, age: Int) { +class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) { println("功能类似于Java的静态代码块static{}") @@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ heibaiying:20 + 每个辅助构造器必须以主构造器或其他的辅助构造器的调用开始。 ```scala -class Person(name: String, age: Int) { +class Person(val name: String, val age: Int) { private var birthday = "" diff --git a/notes/Scala类型参数.md b/notes/Scala类型参数.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..173cdb8 --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/Scala类型参数.md @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ +# 类型参数 + +## 一、泛型 + +Scala支持类型参数化，使得我们能够编写泛型程序。 + +### 1.1 泛型类 + +Java中使用`<>`符号来定义类型参数，Scala中使用`[]`来定义类型参数。 + +```scala +class Pair[T, S](val first: T, val second: S) { + override def toString: String = first + ":" + second +} +``` + +```scala +object ScalaApp extends App { + + // 使用时候你直接指定参数类型，也可以不指定，由程序自动推断 + val pair01 = new Pair("heibai01", 22) + val pair02 = new Pair[String,Int]("heibai02", 33) + + println(pair01) + println(pair02) +} +``` + +### 1.2 泛型方法 + +函数和方法也支持类型参数。 + +```scala +object Utils { + def getHalf[T](a: Array[T]): Int = a.length / 2 +} +``` + +## 二、类型限定 + +### 2.1 类型上界 + +对于对象之间进行大小比较，Scala和Java一样，都要求比较的对象需要实现`java.lang.Comparable`接口。 + +所以如果想对泛型进行比较，需要限定类型上界，语法为` S <: T`,代表S必须是类型T的子类或其本身。示例如下： + +```scala +// 使用 <: 符号，限定T必须是Comparable[T]的子类型 +class Pair[T <: Comparable[T]](val first: T, val second: T) { + // 返回较小的值 + def smaller: T = if (first.compareTo(second) < 0) first else second +} +``` + +```scala +// 测试代码 +val pair = new Pair("abc", "abcd") +println(pair.smaller) // 输出 abc +``` + +>注：如果你想要在Java中实现类型变量限定，需要使用关键字extends来实现，对于的Java代码如下： +> +>```java +>public class Pair> { +> private T first; +> private T second; +> Pair(T first, T second) { +> this.first = first; +> this.second = second; +> } +> public T smaller() { +> return first.compareTo(second) < 0 ? first : second; +> } +>} +>``` + +### 2.2 视图界定 & 类型约束 + +#### 1.视图界定 + +在上面的例子中，如果你使用Int类型或者Double等类型进行测试，点击运行后，你会发现程序根本无法通过编译： + +```scala +val pair1 = new Pair(10, 12) +val pair2 = new Pair(10.0, 12.0) +``` + +之所以出现这样的问题，是因为在Scala中Int并没有实现Comparable，真正实现Comparable接口的是RichInt。在日常的编程中之所以你能够执行`3>2`这样的判断操作，是因为程序执行了隐式转换，将Int转换为RichInt。 + +![scala-richInt](D:\BigData-Notes\pictures\scala-richInt.png) + +直接继承Java中Comparable接口的是特质Ordered，RichInt混入了该特质，Ordered源码如下: + +```scala +// 除了compareTo方法外，还提供了额外的关系符方法 +trait Ordered[A] extends Any with java.lang.Comparable[A] { + def compare(that: A): Int + def < (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) < 0 + def > (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) > 0 + def <= (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) <= 0 + def >= (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) >= 0 + def compareTo(that: A): Int = compare(that) +} +``` + +所以要想在泛型中解决这个问题，需要使用视图界定： + +```scala +// 视图界定符号 <% +class Pair[T <% Comparable[T]](val first: T, val second: T) { + // 返回较小的值 + def smaller: T = if (first.compareTo(second) < 0) first else second +} +``` + +> 注：由于直接继承Java中Comparable接口的是特质Ordered，所以也可以使用如下的视图界定： +> +> ```scala +> class Pair[T <% Ordered[T]](val first: T, val second: T) { +> +> def smaller: T = if (first.compareTo(second) < 0) first else second +> +> } +> ``` + +#### 2. 类型约束 + +如果你用的Scala是2.11+，则视图界定已经不推荐使用，官方推荐使用类型约束(type constraint)来实现同样的功能： + +```scala +class Pair[T](val first: T, val second: T)(implicit ev: T => Comparable[T]) { + + def smaller: T = if (first.compareTo(second) < 0) first else second + +} +``` + +### 2.3 上下文界定 + +上下文界定的形式为`T:M`,它要求必须存在一个类型为M[T]的隐式值，当你声明一个使用隐式值的方法时，需要添加一个隐式参数。上面的程序也可以使用上下文界定进行如下改写： + +```scala +class Pair[T](val first: T, val second: T) { + + def smaller(implicit ord: Ordering[T]): T = if (ord.compare(first, second) < 0) first else second + +} +``` + +### 2.4 类型下界 + + + +## 三、类型通配符 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/notes/Scala类型参数化.md b/notes/Scala类型参数化.md deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29..0000000 diff --git a/notes/Scala隐式转换和隐式参数.md b/notes/Scala隐式转换和隐式参数.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c95e63e --- /dev/null +++ b/notes/Scala隐式转换和隐式参数.md @@ -0,0 +1,358 @@ +# 隐式转换和隐式参数 + + + + +## 一、隐式转换 + +### 1.1 使用隐式转换 + +隐式转换指的是以`implicit`关键字声明带有单个参数的转换函数，它将值从一种类型转换为另一种类型，以便使用之前类型所没有的功能。示例如下： + +```scala +// 普通人 +class Person(val name: String) + +// 雷神 +class Thor(val name: String) { + // 正常情况下只有雷神才能举起雷神之锤 + def hammer(): Unit = { + println(name + "举起雷神之锤") + } +} + +object Thor extends App { + // 定义隐式转换方法 将普通人转换为雷神 通常建议方法名使用source2Target,即：被转换对象To转换对象 + implicit def person2Thor(p: Person): Thor = new Thor(p.name) + // 这样普通人也能举起雷神之锤 + new Person("普通人").hammer() +} + +输出： 普通人举起雷神之锤 +``` + +
+ +### 1.2 隐式转换规则 + +并不是你使用`implicit`转换后，隐式转换就一定会发生，比如上面如果不调用`hammer()`方法的时候，普通人就还是普通人。通常程序会在以下情况下尝试执行隐式转换： + ++ 当对象访问一个不存在的成员时，即调用的方法不存在或者访问的成员变量不存在； ++ 当对象调用某个方法，该方法存在，但是方法的声明参数与传入参数不匹配时。 + +而在以下三种情况下编译器不会尝试执行隐式转换： + ++ 如果代码能够在不使用隐式转换的前提下通过编译，则不会使用隐式转换； ++ 编译器不会尝试同时执行多个转换，比如`convert1(convert2(a))*b`； ++ 转换存在二义性，也不会发生转换。 + +这里首先解释一下二义性，上面的代码进行如下修改，由于两个隐式转换都是生效的，所以就存在了二义性： + +```scala +//两个隐式转换都是有效的 +implicit def person2Thor(p: Person): Thor = new Thor(p.name) +implicit def person2Thor2(p: Person): Thor = new Thor(p.name) +// 此时下面这段语句无法通过编译 +new Person("普通人").hammer() +``` + +其次再解释一下多个转换的问题： + +```scala +class ClassA { + override def toString = "This is Class A" +} + +class ClassB { + override def toString = "This is Class B" + def printB(b: ClassB): Unit = println(b) +} + +class ClassC + +class ClassD + +object ImplicitTest extends App { + implicit def A2B(a: ClassA): ClassB = { + println("A2B") + new ClassB + } + + implicit def C2B(c: ClassC): ClassB = { + println("C2B") + new ClassB + } + + implicit def D2C(d: ClassD): ClassC = { + println("D2C") + new ClassC + } + + // 这行代码无法通过编译，因为要调用到printB方法，需要执行两次转换C2B(D2C(ClassD)) + new ClassD().printB(new ClassA) + + /* + * 下面的这一行代码虽然也进行了两次隐式转换，但是两次的转换对象并不是一个对象,所以它是生效的: + * 转换流程如下: + * 1. ClassC中并没有printB方法,因此隐式转换为ClassB,然后调用printB方法; + * 2. 但是printB参数类型为ClassB,然而传入的参数类型是ClassA,所以需要将参数ClassA转换为ClassB,这是第二次; + * 即: C2B(ClassC) -> ClassB.printB(ClassA) -> ClassB.printB(A2B(ClassA)) -> ClassB.printB(ClassB) + * 转换过程1的对象是ClassC,而转换过程2的转换对象是ClassA,所以虽然是一行代码两次转换，但是仍然是有效转换 + */ + new ClassC().printB(new ClassA) +} + +// 输出： +C2B +A2B +This is Class B +``` + +
+ +### 1.3 引入隐式转换 + +隐式转换的可以定义在以下三个地方： + ++ 定义在原类型的伴生对象中； ++ 直接定义在执行代码的上下文作用域中； ++ 统一定义在一个文件中，在使用时候导入。 + +上面我们使用的方法相当于直接定义在执行代码的作用域中，下面分别给出其他两种定义的代码示例： + +定义在原类型的伴生对象中： + +```scala +class Person(val name: String) +// 在伴生对象中定义隐式转换函数 +object Person{ + implicit def person2Thor(p: Person): Thor = new Thor(p.name) +} +``` + +```scala +class Thor(val name: String) { + def hammer(): Unit = { + println(name + "举起雷神之锤") + } +} +``` + +```scala +// 使用示例 +object ScalaApp extends App { + new Person("普通人").hammer() +} +``` + +定义在一个公共的对象中： + +```scala +object Convert { + implicit def person2Thor(p: Person): Thor = new Thor(p.name) +} +``` + +```scala +// 导入Convert下所有的隐式转换函数 +import com.heibaiying.Convert._ + +object ScalaApp extends App { + // 这样普通人也能举起雷神之锤 + new Person("普通人").hammer() +} +``` + +> 注：Scala中隐式转换函数大部分定义在`Predef.scala`中，你可以打开源文件查看，也可以在Scala交互式命令行中采用`:implicit -v`查看全部隐式转换函数。 + +
+ +## 二、隐式参数 + +### 2.1 使用隐式参数 + +函数或方法可以带有一个标记为`implicit`的参数列表，这种情况下，编译器将会查找默认值，提供给函数调用。 + +```scala +// 定义分隔符类 +class Delimiters(val left: String, val right: String) + +object ScalaApp extends App { + + // 进行格式化输出 + def formatted(context: String)(implicit deli: Delimiters): Unit = { + println(deli.left + context + deli.right) + } + + // 定义一个隐式默认值 使用左右中括号作为分隔符 + implicit val bracket = new Delimiters("(", ")") + formatted("this is context") // 输出: (this is context) +} +``` + +关于隐式参数，有两点需要注意： + +1.我们上面定义`formatted`函数的时候使用了柯里化，如果你不使用柯里化表达式，按照通常习惯只有下面两种写法： + +```scala +//这种写法没有语法错误，但是无法通过编译 +def formatted(implicit context: String, deli: Delimiters): Unit = { + println(deli.left + context + deli.right) +} +// 不存在这种写法，IDEA直接会直接提示语法错误 +def formatted( context: String, implicit deli: Delimiters): Unit = { + println(deli.left + context + deli.right) +} +``` + +上面第一种写法编译的时候会出现下面所示`error`信息,从中也可以看出`implicit`是作用于参数列表中每个参数的，这显然不是我们想要到达的效果，所以上面的写法采用了柯里化。 + +``` +not enough arguments for method formatted: (implicit context: String, implicit deli: com.heibaiying.Delimiters) +``` + +2.第二个问题和隐式函数一样，隐式默认值不能存在二义性，否则无法通过编译，示例如下： + +```scala +implicit val bracket = new Delimiters("(", ")") +implicit val brace = new Delimiters("{", "}") +formatted("this is context") +``` + +上面代码无法通过编译，出现错误提示`ambiguous implicit values`，即隐式值存在冲突。 + +
+ +### 2.2 引入隐式参数 + +引入隐式参数和引入隐式转换函数方法是一样的，有以下三种方式： + +- 定义在隐式参数对应类的伴生对象中； +- 直接定义在执行代码的上下文作用域中； +- 统一定义在一个文件中，在使用时候导入。 + +我们上面示例程序相当于直接定义执行代码的上下文作用域中，下面给出其他两种方式的示例： + +定义在隐式参数对应类的伴生对象中； + +```scala +class Delimiters(val left: String, val right: String) + +object Delimiters { + implicit val bracket = new Delimiters("(", ")") +} +``` + +```scala +// 此时执行代码的上下文中不用定义 +object ScalaApp extends App { + + def formatted(context: String)(implicit deli: Delimiters): Unit = { + println(deli.left + context + deli.right) + } + formatted("this is context") +} +``` + +统一定义在一个文件中，在使用时候导入： + +```scala +object Convert { + implicit val bracket = new Delimiters("(", ")") +} +``` + +```scala +// 在使用的时候导入 +import com.heibaiying.Convert.bracket + +object ScalaApp extends App { + def formatted(context: String)(implicit deli: Delimiters): Unit = { + println(deli.left + context + deli.right) + } + formatted("this is context") // 输出: (this is context) +} +``` + +
+ +### 2.3 利用隐式参数进行隐式转换 + +```scala +def smaller[T] (a: T, b: T) = if (a < b) a else b +``` + +在Scala中如果定义了一个如上所示的比较对象大小的泛型方法，你会发现无法通过编译。对于对象之间进行大小比较，Scala和Java一样，都要求被比较的对象需要实现java.lang.Comparable接口。 + +在Scala中，直接继承Java中Comparable接口的是特质Ordered，它在继承compareTo方法的基础上，额外定义了关系符方法，源码如下: + +```scala +trait Ordered[A] extends Any with java.lang.Comparable[A] { + def compare(that: A): Int + def < (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) < 0 + def > (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) > 0 + def <= (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) <= 0 + def >= (that: A): Boolean = (this compare that) >= 0 + def compareTo(that: A): Int = compare(that) +} +``` + +所以要想在泛型中解决这个问题，有两种方法： + +#### 1. 使用视图界定 + +```scala +object Pair extends App { + + // 视图界定 + def smaller[T<% Ordered[T]](a: T, b: T) = if (a < b) a else b + + println(smaller(1,2)) //输出 1 +} +``` + +视图限定限制了T可以通过隐式转换`Ordered[T]`，即对象一定可以进行大小比较。在上面的代码中`smaller(1,2)`中参数`1`和`2`实际上是通过定义在`Predef`中的隐式转换方法`intWrapper`转换为`RichInt`。 + +```scala +// Predef.scala +@inline implicit def intWrapper(x: Int) = new runtime.RichInt(x) +``` + +为什么要这么麻烦执行隐式转换，原因是Scala中的Int类型并不能直接进行比较，因为其没有实现`Ordered`特质，真正实现`Ordered`特质的是`RichInt`。 + +
+ + + +#### 2. 利用隐式参数进行隐式转换 + +在Scala2.11+后，视图界定被标识为废弃，官方推荐使用类型限定来解决上面的问题，本质上就是使用隐式参数进行隐式转换。 + +```scala +object Pair extends App { + + // order既是一个隐式参数也是一个隐式转换，即如果a不存在 < 方法，则转换为order(a) Ordered[T]) = if (a < b) a else b + + println(smaller(1,2)) //输出 1 +} +``` + + + +## 参考资料 + +1. Martin Odersky . 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