diff --git a/code/Java/nio-tutorial/pom.xml b/code/Java/nio-tutorial/pom.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2a33b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code/Java/nio-tutorial/pom.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+
+ 4.0.0
+
+ org.example
+ nio-tutorial
+ 1.0-SNAPSHOT
+
+
+
+
+ org.apache.maven.plugins
+ maven-compiler-plugin
+
+ 1.8
+ 1.8
+
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/code/Java/nio-tutorial/src/main/java/chat/ChatClient.java b/code/Java/nio-tutorial/src/main/java/chat/ChatClient.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aa600a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code/Java/nio-tutorial/src/main/java/chat/ChatClient.java
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+package chat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedSelectorException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class ChatClient {
+
+ private String hostname;
+ private int port;
+ private Selector selector;
+ private final ByteBuffer rBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+ private final ByteBuffer wBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+ ChatClient(String hostname, int port) {
+ this.hostname = hostname;
+ this.port = port;
+ }
+
+ public void start() {
+ try {
+ // 创建SocketChannel
+ SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
+ socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+ socketChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+
+ // 创建selector
+ selector = Selector.open();
+ // 注册监听CONNECT事件
+ socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
+
+ // 持续调用select
+ while (true) {
+ selector.select();
+ Set selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
+ for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selectionKeys) {
+ // 处理Connect事件
+ if (selectionKey.isConnectable()) {
+ SocketChannel clientChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ // 有可能正处于连接中的状态
+ if (clientChannel.isConnectionPending()) {
+ // 等待连接完成
+ clientChannel.finishConnect();
+ // 开始监听用户输入
+ inputListening(clientChannel);
+ // 为clientChannel注册上Read
+ clientChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ System.out.println("尊敬的用户" + clientChannel.socket().getLocalPort() + ", 你已成功加入群聊!");
+ }
+ // 处理Read事件
+ } else if (selectionKey.isReadable()) {
+ handleMessage(selectionKey);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (ClosedSelectorException e) {
+ // 主动关闭客户端,不做任何处理
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } finally {
+ try {
+ selector.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 监听用户来自控制台的输入
+ *
+ * @param clientChannel 客户端Channel
+ */
+ private void inputListening(SocketChannel clientChannel) {
+ // 要持续监听用户输入,但又不能阻塞主线程,所以需要一个单独的线程来完成
+ new Thread(() -> {
+ Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+ try {
+ while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
+ String input = scanner.nextLine();
+ if (!input.isEmpty()) {
+ if ("exit".equals(input)) {
+ selector.close();
+ return;
+ }
+ wBuffer.put(input.getBytes());
+ wBuffer.flip();
+ while (wBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ clientChannel.write(wBuffer);
+ }
+ wBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }).start();
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 处理来自其他客户端的消息
+ *
+ * @param selectionKey 处于Read状态的selectionKey
+ */
+ private void handleMessage(SelectionKey selectionKey) {
+ try {
+ SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+ while (channel.read(rBuffer) > 0) {
+ rBuffer.flip();
+ buffer.append(StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(rBuffer));
+ rBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ System.out.println(buffer.toString());
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ selectionKey.cancel();
+ selector.wakeup();
+ System.out.println("聊天室服务器已关闭!");
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ new ChatClient("127.0.0.1", 8888).start();
+ }
+}
diff --git a/code/Java/nio-tutorial/src/main/java/chat/ChatServer.java b/code/Java/nio-tutorial/src/main/java/chat/ChatServer.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2b4ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code/Java/nio-tutorial/src/main/java/chat/ChatServer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+package chat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class ChatServer {
+
+ private String hostname;
+ private int port;
+ private Selector selector;
+ private final ByteBuffer rBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+ private final ByteBuffer wBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+ ChatServer(int port) {
+ this("127.0.0.1", port);
+ }
+
+ ChatServer(String hostname, int port) {
+ this.hostname = hostname;
+ this.port = port;
+ }
+
+ public void start() {
+ try {
+ // 创建ServerSocketChannel
+ ServerSocketChannel serverChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+ // 设置为非阻塞模式
+ serverChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+ serverChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+
+ // 创建selector
+ selector = Selector.open();
+ // 注册监听CONNECT事件
+ serverChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+
+ // 持续调用select()
+ while (true) {
+ selector.select();
+ Set selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
+ for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selectionKeys) {
+ // 处理Accept事件
+ if (selectionKey.isAcceptable()) {
+ // 获取ServerSocketChannel
+ ServerSocketChannel server = (ServerSocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ // 通过ServerSocketChannel获取SocketChannel
+ SocketChannel clientChannel = server.accept();
+ clientChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+ // 注册Read事件
+ clientChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ System.out.println("欢迎" + clientChannel.socket().getPort() + "加入聊天室!");
+ // 处理Readable事件
+ } else if (selectionKey.isReadable()) {
+ handleMessage(selectionKey);
+ }
+ }
+ selectionKeys.clear();
+ }
+
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } finally {
+ // 关闭selector后,与之相关的所有资源都会被释放
+ try {
+ selector.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 处理客户端消息
+ *
+ * @param selectionKey 处于Read状态的SelectionKey
+ */
+ private void handleMessage(SelectionKey selectionKey) {
+ SocketChannel clientChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ try {
+ // 获取来自客户端的消息
+ StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+ while (clientChannel.read(rBuffer) > 0) {
+ rBuffer.flip();
+ buffer.append(StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(rBuffer));
+ rBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ String msg = buffer.toString();
+ // 将消息发送给其他客户端
+ broadcastMessage(clientChannel, msg);
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ // 该异常由clientChannel.read(rBuffer)方法抛出,如果出现该异常,则说明clientChannel已经关闭
+ // 此时需要调用cancel()取消注册在selector上的事件
+ selectionKey.cancel();
+ // 在多线程环境下,如果另一个线程正在阻塞地调用select(),因为事件集已经改变,因此需要通过wakeup()让其立刻返回并重新select()
+ selector.wakeup();
+ System.out.println("用户" + clientChannel.socket().getPort() + "退出聊天室!");
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 将客户端发来的消息广播给其他客户端
+ *
+ * @param clientChannel 消息源
+ * @param msg 消息
+ */
+ private void broadcastMessage(SocketChannel clientChannel, String msg) {
+ try {
+ // 遍历当前selector上所有channel
+ for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selector.keys()) {
+ SelectableChannel channel = selectionKey.channel();
+ // 消息不需要转发给ServerSocketChannel和当前客户端自己
+ if (selectionKey.isValid() && !(channel instanceof ServerSocketChannel) && !channel.equals(clientChannel)) {
+ SocketChannel otherClient = (SocketChannel) channel;
+ wBuffer.put(("用户" + clientChannel.socket().getPort() + ": " + msg).getBytes());
+ while (wBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ wBuffer.flip();
+ otherClient.write(wBuffer);
+ }
+ wBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ new ChatServer(8888).start();
+ }
+}
diff --git a/notes/Java_NIO.md b/notes/Java_NIO.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec8353a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/Java_NIO.md
@@ -0,0 +1,823 @@
+## 一、Buffer
+
+### 1.1 缓冲区属性
+
+
+
+所有缓冲区都直接或间接继承自 Buffer 抽象类,Buffer 中定义了缓冲区的四个基本属性:
+
+```java
+public abstract class Buffer {
+
+ private int mark = -1;
+ private int position = 0;
+ private int limit;
+ private int capacity;
+ ...
+}
+```
+
++ **容量 (Capacity)** :缓冲区所能容纳元素的个数。
++ **上界 (Limit)**:缓冲区中现存元素的个数。
++ **位置 (Position)**:下一个待操作元素的索引。
++ **标记 (Mark)**:标记位置。通过 `mark()` 方法可以让 mark 等于当前 position;之后通过 `reset()` 方法可以让 position 恢复到标记位置。
+
+### 1.2 创建缓冲区
+
+通常可以通过以下两种方法来创建缓冲区:
+
++ **allocate()**:通过指定缓冲区的容量大小来创建:
+
+```java
+CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.allocate(100);
+```
+
++ **wrap()**:通过为缓冲区指定初始化数组来创建:
+
+```java
+char[] chars = new char[100];
+CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.wrap(chars);
+```
+
+实际上缓冲区内部就是通过数组来存储元素,以 CharBuffer 为例,它的内部维持有一个名为 `hb` 的数组,用来存放实际的元素:
+
+```java
+public abstract class CharBuffer extends Buffer implements Comparable, Appendable, CharSequence, Readable
+{
+ final char[] hb;
+ ...
+}
+```
+
+缓冲区创建完成后,它处于以下初始状态:
+
+
+
+### 1.3 操作缓冲区
+
+**1. put()**
+
+用于向缓冲区中填充数据。以 CharBuffer 为例,有以下四个常用的重载方法:
+
+```java
+// 使用字符串填充数据
+put(String src)
+// 使用字符串填充数据,start为字符串的开始位置,end为字符串的结束位置(不包含)
+put(String src, int start, int end)
+// 使用数组填充数据
+put(char[] src)
+// 使用数组填充数据,offset为数组填充的开始位置,length为填充的长度,不允许越界
+put(char[] src, int offset, int length)
+```
+
+当我们向 Buffer 中添加数据后,position 属性也会随之变动:
+
+
+
+**2. get()**
+
+用于读取缓冲区中的数据。以 CharBuffer 为例,有以下四个常用的重载方法:
+
+```java
+// 获取当前位置(postion)的数据
+char get();
+// 获取指定位置的数据
+char get(int index);
+// 获取数据并填充到数组中
+CharBuffer get(char[] dst)
+// 获取数据并填充到数据中,offset为数组填充的开始位置,length为填充的长度,不允许越界
+CharBuffer get(char[] dst, int offset, int length)
+```
+
+**3. flip()**
+
+该方法会将 position 的值赋给 limit,然后将 position 设置为 0,从而可以由写模式切换到读模式。无论任何情况,只要由写操作转换到读操作,都需要先执行该方法。示例如下:
+
+```java
+CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.allocate(100);
+buffer.put("hello");
+buffer.flip(); //由写模式切换到读模式
+while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ System.out.println(buffer.get());
+}
+buffer.clear();
+```
+
+当使用 `filp()` 将 Buffer 由写模式切换到读模式后:position 属性会恢复到初始位置,代表从此处开始读取数据;limit 属性也会随之变动,代表我们所能读取数据的上界:
+
+
+
+当我们再通过 `get()` 方法进行读取时,position 属性会随之移动,position 和 limit 之间的数据就是待处理的数据:
+
+
+
+**4. hasRemaining()**
+
+`hasRemaining()` 用于判断当前的 position 是否小于 limit:如果 position 小于 limit,则返回 true,代表仍存在待处理的数据。
+
+**5. clear()**
+
+将 position 设置为 0,并将 limit 设置为 capacity 的大小,从而让缓冲区恢复到初始状态。此时缓冲区的状态如下:
+
+
+
+**6. compact()**
+
+用于压缩缓冲区,即将数组中待处理的数据复制到头部。如下所示,会将未读取的 `LL0` 复制到头部:
+
+
+
+需要注意的是这里执行的是复制操作,而不是移动操作,底层调用的是 `System.arraycopy` 方法,因此原有位置上的数据依然存在。但是由于 position 会移动到未处理数据的下一个位置上,所以不用担心原有位置上的数据会被读取到,原因是你切换到读模式时,原有的 `LO` 数据仍处于 limit 之后:
+
+
+
+**7. mark()**
+
+用于设置标志位,设置好后可以使用 `reset()` 将 position 恢复到该位置:
+
+```java
+ buffer.position(2).mark().position(5).reset().position(); //从位置2移动到位置5,之后又恢复到位置2
+```
+
+### 1.4 复制缓冲区
+
+如果想要对一个已有的缓冲区进行复制,可以有以下三种方法:
+
+```java
+public abstract CharBuffer duplicate();
+public abstract CharBuffer asReadOnlyBuffer();
+public abstract CharBuffer slice();
+```
+
+使用 `duplicate()` 复制的缓冲区具有以下特性:
+
+- 与原缓冲区共享相同的数据元素,这意味着对原缓冲区数据的修改也会影响复制缓冲区;
+- 复制缓冲区的 mark、position、limit、capcaity 属性的初始值与复制时原缓冲区的 mark、position、limit、capcaity 的值相同,但这些属性与原缓冲区的属性相互独立,创建后就不再受原有缓冲区的影响;
+- 如果原缓冲区是只读缓冲区或直接缓冲区,则复制缓冲区也将继承这些属性。
+
+
+
+`asReadOnlyBuffer()` 与 `duplicate()` 类似,但创建的复制缓冲区为只读缓冲区。
+
+`slice()` 也与 `duplicate()` 类似,但创建的复制缓冲区与原缓冲区只共享部分数据元素,并且所有标志位都处于原始状态:
+
+
+
+示例如下:
+
+```java
+CharBuffer buffer = CharBuffer.allocate(100);
+buffer.put("helloworld");
+buffer.position(2).limit(5);
+CharBuffer duplicate = buffer.duplicate();
+buffer.position(3).limit(6);
+CharBuffer slice = buffer.slice();
+
+System.out.println("buffer:" + buffer.position() + "," + buffer.limit()); // buffer:3,6
+System.out.println("duplicate:" + duplicate.position() + "," + duplicate.limit()); // duplicate:2,5
+System.out.println("slice:" + slice.position() + "," + slice.limit()); //slice:0,3
+```
+
+### 1.5 直接缓冲区
+
+ByteBuffer 支持使用 `allocateDirect` 方法来创建直接缓冲区,示例如下:
+
+```java
+ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(100);
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+## 二、Channel
+
+### 2.1 通道基础
+
+Channel 接口的定义如下,其中包含了两个基础方法:
+
++ **isOpen()**:判断当前 Channel 是否处于打开状态;
++ **close()**:关闭当前 Channel 。Channel 关闭后,就不能在其上再进行任何 IO 操作,否则将抛出 ClosedChannelException 异常。
+
+```java
+public interface Channel extends Closeable {
+
+ public boolean isOpen();
+
+ public void close() throws IOException;
+}
+```
+
+对于常见的文件操作和网络操作都可以直接获取到其对应的 Channel:
+
+```java
+// 获取serverSocketChannel
+ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8888);
+ServerSocketChannel serverSocketChannel = serverSocket.getChannel();
+
+// 获取SocketChannel
+Socket socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8888);
+SocketChannel socketChannel = socket.getChannel();
+
+// 获取FileChannel
+FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(new File("path"));
+FileChannel fileChannel = fileInputStream.getChannel();
+```
+
+### 2.2 文件通道
+
+FileChannel 是一个连接到文件的通道,通过该通道可以完成文件的读写。需要注意的是 FileChannel 无法设置为非阻塞模式,因此它总是运行在阻塞模式下。通过 FileChannel 和 Buffer 可以高效地完成文件的拷贝,示例如下:
+
+```java
+try {
+ FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(new File("D:\\a.png"));
+ FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(new File("D:\\b.png"));
+ FileChannel inChannel = inputStream.getChannel();
+ FileChannel outChannel = outputStream.getChannel();
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(256);
+ // 从输入channel中读取数据到buffer中
+ while (inChannel.read(buffer) > 0) {
+ // 由写模式切换到读模式
+ buffer.flip();
+ while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ //将buffer中的数据写出到输出channel
+ outChannel.write(buffer);
+ }
+ buffer.clear();
+ }
+ inputStream.close();
+ outputStream.close();
+} catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+}
+```
+
+这里的最后我们只需要关闭 Stream 即可,其上的 Channel 也会被关闭,源码如下:
+
+```java
+public void close() throws IOException {
+ synchronized (closeLock) {
+ if (closed) {
+ return;
+ }
+ closed = true;
+ }
+ // 如果channel不为空,则关闭
+ if (channel != null) {
+ channel.close();
+ }
+
+ fd.closeAll(new Closeable() {
+ public void close() throws IOException {
+ close0();
+ }
+ });
+}
+```
+
+### 2.3 Channel To Channel
+
+在 Java NIO 中,如果两个 Channel 中有一个是 FileChannel,那么可以直接将数据从一个 Channel 传输到另外一个 Channel:
+
+```java
+// 将该通道上的数据直接传送到目标通道
+transferTo(long position, long count, WritableByteChannel target) ;
+// 将原通道上的数据直接传送到该通道
+transferFrom(ReadableByteChannel src, long position, long count)
+```
+
+还是以文件拷贝为例,使用示例如下:
+
+```java
+try {
+ FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(new File("D:\\a.png"));
+ FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(new File("D:\\b.png"));
+ FileChannel inChannel = inputStream.getChannel();
+ FileChannel outChannel = outputStream.getChannel();
+ inChannel.transferTo(0,inChannel.size(),outChannel); //使用transferTo实现
+ // outChannel.transferFrom(inChannel, 0, inChannel.size()); //使用transferFrom实现
+ inputStream.close();
+ outputStream.close();
+} catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+}
+```
+
+### 2.4 Scatter/Gather
+
+Java NIO 支持 scatter 和 gather 操作:
+
+- **分散 (scatter)**:把 Channel 中的数据依次写入到多个 Buffer 上。示例如下:
+
+```java
+ByteBuffer buffer01 = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
+ByteBuffer buffer02 = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
+ByteBuffer buffer03 = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
+
+ByteBuffer[] buffers = new ByteBuffer[]{buffer01, buffer02, buffer03};
+fileInputStream.getChannel().read(buffers);
+```
+
+此时 Channel 中的数据会依次写入到 Buffer01, Buffer02, Buffer03 上。Scatter 通常用于固定长度数据的处理,假设一个数据单元由 header,body,footer 三部分组成,并且每部分的长度都是固定的,此时通过 Scatter 操作,每一组数据的 header,body,footer 都会分别固定地写到 Buffer01, Buffer02, Buffer03 上,此时就可以对每个 Buffer 应用不同的处理逻辑:
+
+
+
++ **聚集 (gather)**:将多个 Buffer 中的数据依次写入到同一个 Channel 上。示例如下:
+
+```java
+ByteBuffer buffer01 = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
+ByteBuffer buffer02 = ByteBuffer.allocate(64);
+ByteBuffer buffer03 = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
+
+ByteBuffer[] buffers = new ByteBuffer[]{buffer01, buffer02, buffer03};
+fileInputStream.getChannel().read(buffers);
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.5 Pipe
+
+Java 提供了 Pipe 类用于在不同线程之间传递数据:
+
+
+
+Pipe 管道可以通过 Pipe 的静态方法 `open()` 来创建:
+
+```java
+Pipe pipe = Pipe.open();
+```
+
+创建完成后可以通过其 `sink()` 和 `source()` 方法来创建对应的 SinkChannel 和 SourceChannel:
+
+```shell
+Pipe.SinkChannel sinkChannel = pipe.sink();
+Pipe.SourceChannel sourceChannel = pipe.source();
+```
+
+SinkChannel 和 SourceChannel 的使用与基本的 Channel 类似,示例如下:
+
+```java
+Pipe pipe = Pipe.open();
+new Thread(() -> {
+ try {
+ Pipe.SinkChannel sink = pipe.sink();
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+ buffer.put("HelloWorld".getBytes());
+ buffer.flip();
+ while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ // 将数据写入SinkChannel
+ sink.write(buffer);
+ }
+ sink.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+}).start();
+new Thread(() -> {
+ try {
+ Pipe.SourceChannel source = pipe.source();
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+ // 读取SourceChannel中的数据
+ while (source.read(buffer) > 0) {
+ buffer.flip();
+ while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ System.out.print((char) buffer.get()); //输出:HelloWorld
+ }
+ buffer.clear();
+ }
+ source.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+}).start();
+```
+
+
+
+## 三、Selector
+
+### 3.1 创建选择器
+
+想要创建一个选择器,可以通过 Selector 类的静态方法 `open()` 来实现:
+
+```java
+Selector selector = Selector.open();
+```
+
+### 3.2 注册通道
+
+想要将 Channel 和 Selector 配合使用,必须要通过 `register()` 方法将 Channel 注册到 Selector 上,示例如下:
+
+```java
+// 创建ServerSocketChannel
+ServerSocketChannel serverChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+// 与 Selector一起使用的Channel必须处于非阻塞模式下
+serverChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+serverChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+
+// 注册监听CONNECT事件
+serverChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+```
+
+`register()` 方法的第二个参数表示需要监听的事件,它有以下四个可选值:
+
+```java
+//读取事件
+public static final int OP_READ = 1 << 0;
+//写入事件
+public static final int OP_WRITE = 1 << 2;
+//连接事件
+public static final int OP_CONNECT = 1 << 3;
+//接受连接事件
+public static final int OP_ACCEPT = 1 << 4;
+```
+
+如果你需要监听多个事件,可以使用位操作符进行连接:
+
+```java
+int interestSet = SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE;
+```
+
+除此之外,你还可以在注册时通过调用 register 的另外一个重载方法来指定附加信息:
+
+```java
+register(Selector sel, int ops, Object att)
+```
+
+这个附加信息可以在事件触发时通过 SelectionKey 对象再次得到。
+
+### 3.3 select
+
+当你在 Selector 上注册好通道后,就可以使用 `select()` 方法来获取处于就绪状态的事件的集合。示例如下:
+
+```java
+int select = selector.select();
+```
+
+select 有以下三个重载方法:
+
++ **select()**:持续阻塞,直到至少有一个通道在其注册的事件上处于就绪状态;
++ **select(long timeout)**:与 `select()` 类似,但最长只阻塞 timout 毫秒;
++ **selectNow()**:不会阻塞,如果不存在就绪事件,则直接返回 0。
+
+需要注意的是如果是 Ready 操作集发生了变化,select 操作的返回值也可能是 0。这意味着如果某个通道注册的是 `OP_READ` 事件,那么该通道在第一次收到消息时 select 操作返回的值是 1,但是之后收到消息时 select 的返回值则是 0。因此在循环获取消息时,对于 select 返回值的判断应该加上为 0 的情况:
+
+```java
+while (selector.select() >= 0) {
+ ....
+}
+```
+
+### 3.4 SelectionKey
+
+当存在注册的事件处于就绪状态时,可以通过 Selector 的 `selectedKeys()` 方法来获取处于就绪状态的事件信息:
+
+```java
+Set selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
+```
+
+其返回的是 SelectionKey 的集合,SelectionKey 是对多个属性的综合封装:
+
+```java
+public abstract class SelectionKey {
+
+ // SelectionKey对应的channel
+ public abstract SelectableChannel channel();
+
+ // SelectionKey对应的选择器
+ public abstract Selector selector();
+
+ // 当前SelectionKey是否有效
+ public abstract boolean isValid();
+
+ // 取消channel在selector上注册的事件
+ public abstract void cancel();
+
+ // 当前channel注册的事件的合集
+ public abstract int interestOps();
+
+ // 当前channel是否对指定的事件感兴趣
+ public abstract SelectionKey interestOps(int ops);
+
+ // 处于就绪状态的事件的合集
+ public abstract int readyOps();
+
+ // Read事件是否就绪
+ public final boolean isReadable() {return (readyOps() & OP_READ) != 0;}
+
+ // Write事件是否就绪
+ public final boolean isWritable() {return (readyOps() & OP_WRITE) != 0;}
+
+ // Connect事件是否就绪
+ public final boolean isConnectable() {return (readyOps() & OP_CONNECT) != 0;}
+
+ // Accept事件是否就绪
+ public final boolean isAcceptable() {return (readyOps() & OP_ACCEPT) != 0;}
+
+ // 为SelectionKey指定附加属性,也可以在注册时通过register方法指定
+ public final Object attach(Object ob) {return attachmentUpdater.getAndSet(this, ob);}
+
+ // 获取附加属性
+ public final Object attachment() { return attachment;}
+
+}
+```
+
+## 四、聊天室实例
+
+下面以一个群聊的聊天室为例,来展示 Java NIO 三大组件的综合使用,效果如下:
+
+
+
+
+
+### 4.1 群聊服务器
+
+群聊服务器的实现如下:
+
+```java
+package chat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class ChatServer {
+
+ private String hostname;
+ private int port;
+ private Selector selector;
+ private final ByteBuffer rBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+ private final ByteBuffer wBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+ ChatServer(int port) {
+ this("127.0.0.1", port);
+ }
+
+ ChatServer(String hostname, int port) {
+ this.hostname = hostname;
+ this.port = port;
+ }
+
+ public void start() {
+ try {
+ // 创建ServerSocketChannel
+ ServerSocketChannel serverChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+ // 设置为非阻塞模式
+ serverChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+ serverChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+
+ // 创建selector
+ selector = Selector.open();
+ // 注册监听CONNECT事件
+ serverChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+
+ // 持续调用select()
+ while (true) {
+ selector.select();
+ Set selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
+ for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selectionKeys) {
+ // 处理Accept事件
+ if (selectionKey.isAcceptable()) {
+ // 获取ServerSocketChannel
+ ServerSocketChannel server = (ServerSocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ // 通过ServerSocketChannel获取SocketChannel
+ SocketChannel clientChannel = server.accept();
+ clientChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+ // 注册Read事件
+ clientChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ System.out.println("欢迎" + clientChannel.socket().getPort() + "加入聊天室!");
+ // 处理Readable事件
+ } else if (selectionKey.isReadable()) {
+ handleMessage(selectionKey);
+ }
+ }
+ selectionKeys.clear();
+ }
+
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } finally {
+ // 关闭selector后,与之相关的所有资源都会被释放
+ try {
+ selector.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 处理客户端消息
+ *
+ * @param selectionKey 处于Read状态的SelectionKey
+ */
+ private void handleMessage(SelectionKey selectionKey) {
+ SocketChannel clientChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ try {
+ // 获取来自客户端的消息
+ StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+ while (clientChannel.read(rBuffer) > 0) {
+ rBuffer.flip();
+ buffer.append(StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(rBuffer));
+ rBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ String msg = buffer.toString();
+ // 将消息发送给其他客户端
+ broadcastMessage(clientChannel, msg);
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ // 该异常由clientChannel.read(rBuffer)方法抛出,如果出现该异常,则说明clientChannel已经关闭
+ // 此时需要调用cancel()取消注册在selector上的事件
+ selectionKey.cancel();
+ // 在多线程环境下,如果另一个线程正在阻塞地调用select(),因为事件集已经改变,
+ // 因此需要通过wakeup()让其立刻返回并重新select()
+ selector.wakeup();
+ System.out.println("用户" + clientChannel.socket().getPort() + "退出聊天室!");
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 将客户端发来的消息广播给其他客户端
+ *
+ * @param clientChannel 消息源
+ * @param msg 消息
+ */
+ private void broadcastMessage(SocketChannel clientChannel, String msg) {
+ try {
+ // 遍历当前selector上所有channel
+ for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selector.keys()) {
+ SelectableChannel channel = selectionKey.channel();
+ // 消息不需要转发给ServerSocketChannel和当前客户端自己
+ if (selectionKey.isValid() && !(channel instanceof ServerSocketChannel)
+ && !channel.equals(clientChannel)) {
+ SocketChannel otherClient = (SocketChannel) channel;
+ wBuffer.put(("用户" + clientChannel.socket().getPort() + ": " + msg).getBytes());
+ while (wBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ wBuffer.flip();
+ otherClient.write(wBuffer);
+ }
+ wBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ new ChatServer(8888).start();
+ }
+}
+
+```
+
+### 4.2 客户端实现
+
+```java
+package chat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedSelectorException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class ChatClient {
+
+ private String hostname;
+ private int port;
+ private Selector selector;
+ private final ByteBuffer rBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+ private final ByteBuffer wBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+ ChatClient(String hostname, int port) {
+ this.hostname = hostname;
+ this.port = port;
+ }
+
+ public void start() {
+ try {
+ // 创建SocketChannel
+ SocketChannel socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
+ socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+ socketChannel.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+
+ // 创建selector
+ selector = Selector.open();
+ // 注册监听CONNECT事件
+ socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
+
+ // 持续调用select
+ while (true) {
+ selector.select();
+ Set selectionKeys = selector.selectedKeys();
+ for (SelectionKey selectionKey : selectionKeys) {
+ // 处理Connect事件
+ if (selectionKey.isConnectable()) {
+ SocketChannel clientChannel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ // 有可能正处于连接中的状态
+ if (clientChannel.isConnectionPending()) {
+ // 等待连接完成
+ clientChannel.finishConnect();
+ // 开始监听用户输入
+ inputListening(clientChannel);
+ // 为clientChannel注册上Read
+ clientChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ System.out.println("尊敬的用户" + clientChannel.socket().getLocalPort()
+ + ", 你已成功加入群聊!");
+ }
+ // 处理Read事件
+ } else if (selectionKey.isReadable()) {
+ handleMessage(selectionKey);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (ClosedSelectorException e) {
+ // 主动关闭客户端,不做任何处理
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ } finally {
+ try {
+ selector.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 监听用户来自控制台的输入
+ *
+ * @param clientChannel 客户端Channel
+ */
+ private void inputListening(SocketChannel clientChannel) {
+ // 要持续监听用户输入,但又不能阻塞主线程,所以需要一个单独的线程来完成
+ new Thread(() -> {
+ Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+ try {
+ while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
+ String input = scanner.nextLine();
+ if (!input.isEmpty()) {
+ if ("exit".equals(input)) {
+ selector.close();
+ return;
+ }
+ wBuffer.put(input.getBytes());
+ wBuffer.flip();
+ while (wBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ clientChannel.write(wBuffer);
+ }
+ wBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }).start();
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 处理来自其他客户端的消息
+ *
+ * @param selectionKey 处于Read状态的selectionKey
+ */
+ private void handleMessage(SelectionKey selectionKey) {
+ try {
+ SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) selectionKey.channel();
+ StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+ while (channel.read(rBuffer) > 0) {
+ rBuffer.flip();
+ buffer.append(StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(rBuffer));
+ rBuffer.clear();
+ }
+ System.out.println(buffer.toString());
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ selectionKey.cancel();
+ selector.wakeup();
+ System.out.println("聊天室服务器已关闭!");
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ new ChatClient("127.0.0.1", 8888).start();
+ }
+}
+
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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