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changed up steps 1,2,3 to have exercises. removed js implementation of todo app

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## How the Web Works
A simple web page is rendered on the screen via the following steps.
*There are many sub-steps in this process, but these are the highlights.*
1. You instruct the browser which web page you'd like to see
2. The browser looks up the site in a "DNS Server"
- This is like a big phone book for website server addresses
3. The browser asks the server to send over a specific page of the website, such as `developer.mozilla.org/filename.html` or `developer.mozilla.org`
- If asked for a "root"-level address, most servers will return `<root>/index.html`
4. The server sends the HTML file back to the browser
5. The browser starts to read the HTML file from the top to the bottom, stopping any time that additional resources are required:
- CSS stylesheets
- JavaScript files
- Fonts
- Images
6. Browser makes requests for additional resources
- Those resources might request even more files
7. Once the browser gets to the bottom of the page it can start working on rendering, and then display the page
![MDN Page Load](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1434956/53033758-9da8d580-3426-11e9-9ab8-09f42ccab9a8.png)
## Next Step
[HTML Demo](./html-demo)

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## CSS Demo
### CSS Properties
Now that we've gone over adding HTML tags to the page, let's cover adding styles to those tags. We can do quite a lot with styles! We can change:
- Typography
- Colors
- Appearance (Corners, Borders, Decorations)
- Layout
- Position
- Inline vs Block
- Animations
- and [many more](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference)
CSS styles are always written in `property: value` pairs (like `background: blue;`) and terminated with a semicolon.
### Applying CSS to an HTML file
CSS can be applied to HTML tags in three different ways.
1. Inline using an HTML tag's `style` attribute
- `<div style="background: blue; color: white;">Hello </div>`
2. Via a `<style>` tag in the HTML page
3. Through an external CSS file
- `<link rel="stylesheet" href="./css-demo-finished.css" />`
### Targeting specific elements
Inline styles are always applied directly to the element you place them on, but `<style>` tags and external CSS files need a way to match elements with their respective style sets. This is done with **[CSS selectors](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Selectors)**. When selectors are combined with CSS styles, we call this a **ruleset**.
CSS rulesets take on the following form:
```css
selector1,
selector2 {
property1: value1;
property2: value2;
}
```
Here's a more detailed view from [Chris Eppstein](https://twitter.com/chriseppstein/status/1100115119437111296):
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Microsoft/frontend-bootcamp/master/assets/css-syntax.png"/>
Selectors can be a single tag, class, ID, or attribute. It can also be a [combination](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Introduction_to_CSS/Combinators_and_multiple_selectors) of those elements.
Below is a series of selectors and property/value combinations that we'll apply to our CSS demo page.
```css
/* Targeting the entire page */
body {
font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
/* Targeting an HTML tag */
h1 {
/* Color name */
color: black;
/* 6-digit hex */
background: #ababab;
/* Margin: specified separately for each side */
margin-bottom: 15px;
margin-top: 15px;
/* Shorthand: Padding applies to all sides */
padding: 10px;
/* Border shorthand and 3-digit hex */
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
/* Overriding inherited styles */
span {
color: #004578;
}
/* Sibling selector */
a ~ a {
/* Changing elements from inline to block */
display: block;
}
/* Targeting a class name */
.tiles {
display: flex;
}
/* Descendant selector */
.tiles img {
width: 100%;
}
/* Direct descendant selector */
.tiles > div {
/* rgb color */
background: rgb(10, 10, 10);
color: white;
flex-basis: 100%;
/* Padding/margin shorthand. Goes clockwise from top.
10px - all
10px 20px - top/bottom left/right
10px 20px 15px - top left/right bottom
*/
padding: 10px 20px 15px;
margin: 10px 20px 10px 0;
border: 1px solid white;
}
/* Qualified selector */
div.important-links {
background: #004578;
}
/* Style inheritance only works for unstyled elements */
a {
color: white;
}
/* Hover pseudo-selector */
a:hover {
color: #ccc;
}
/* Positional pseudo-selector */
.tiles > div:last-child {
/* overrides margin-right but leaves other margins alone */
margin-right: 0;
}
/* ID selector */
#contact-form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}
/* Attribute selector */
input[type='submit'] {
margin-top: 10px;
}
```
## Next Step
[JavaScript Demo](../js-demo)

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/* Targeting the entire page */
body {
font: 1.2em sans-serif;
}
/* Targeting an HTML tag */
h1 {
/* Color name */
color: black;
/* 6-digit hex */
background: #ababab;
/* Margin: specified separately for each side */
margin-bottom: 15px;
margin-top: 15px;
/* Shorthand: Padding applies to all sides */
padding: 10px;
/* Border shorthand and 3-digit hex */
border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
/* Overriding inherited styles */
span {
color: #004578;
}
/* Sibling selector */
a ~ a {
/* Changing elements from inline to block */
display: block;
}
/* Targeting a class name */
.tiles {
display: flex;
}
/* Descendant selector */
.tiles img {
width: 100%;
}
/* Direct descendant selector */
.tiles > div {
/* rgb color */
background: rgb(10, 10, 10);
color: white;
flex-basis: 100%;
/* Padding/margin shorthand. Goes clockwise from top.
10px - all
10px 20px - top/bottom left/right
10px 20px 15px - top left/right bottom
*/
padding: 10px 20px 15px;
margin: 10px 20px 10px 0;
border: 1px solid white;
}
/* Qualified selector */
div.important-links {
background: #004578;
}
/* Style inheritance only works for unstyled elements */
a {
color: white;
}
/* Hover pseudo-selector */
a:hover {
color: #ccc;
}
/* Positional pseudo-selector */
.tiles > div:last-child {
/* overrides margin-right but leaves other margins alone */
margin-right: 0;
}
/* ID selector */
#contact-form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}
/* Attribute selector */
input[type='submit'] {
margin-top: 10px;
}

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<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./css-demo-final.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>This is my <span>Title</span></h1>
<div class="tiles">
<div class="important-links">
<h2>Important Links</h2>
<a href="#">We're Awesome</a>
<a href="#">Learn More</a>
<a href="#">Hire Us</a>
</div>
<div>
<h2>Our Logo</h2>
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" width="100" alt="fabric logo" />
</div>
<div>
<h2>Contact Us</h2>
<div id="contact-form">
<label>Email</label><input type="email" />
<input value="Submit" type="submit" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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/* body {
font: 1.2em sans-serif;
} */
/* h1 {
color: black;
background: #ababab;
margin-bottom: 15px;
margin-top: 15px;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
} */
/* span {
color: #004578;
} */
/* a ~ a {
display: block;
} */
/* .tiles {
display: flex;
} */
/* .tiles img {
width: 100%;
} */
/* .tiles > div {
background: rgb(10, 10, 10);
color: white;
flex-basis: 100%;
padding: 10px 20px 15px;
margin: 10px 20px 10px 0;
border: 1px solid white;
} */
/* div.important-links {
background: #004578;
} */
/* a {
color: white;
} */
/* a:hover {
color: #ccc;
} */
/* .tiles > div:last-child {
margin-right: 0;
} */
/* #contact-form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
} */
/* input[type='submit'] {
margin-top: 10px;
} */

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<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./css-demo.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>This is my <span>Title</span></h1>
<div class="tiles">
<div class="important-links">
<h2>Important Links</h2>
<a href="#">We're Awesome</a>
<a href="#">Learn More</a>
<a href="#">Hire Us</a>
</div>
<div>
<h2>Our Logo</h2>
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" width="100" alt="fabric logo" />
</div>
<div>
<h2>Contact Us</h2>
<div id="contact-form">
<label>Email</label><input type="email" />
<input value="Submit" type="submit" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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# How the Web Works
A simple web page is rendered on the screen via the following steps.
_There are many sub-steps in this process, but these are the highlights._
1. You instruct the browser which web page you'd like to see
2. The browser looks up the site in a "DNS Server"
- This is like a big phone book for website server addresses
3. The browser asks the server to send over a specific page of the website, such as `developer.mozilla.org/filename.html` or `developer.mozilla.org`
- If asked for a "root"-level address, most servers will return `<root>/index.html`
4. The server sends the HTML file back to the browser
5. The browser starts to read the HTML file from the top to the bottom, stopping any time that additional resources are required:
- CSS stylesheets
- JavaScript files
- Fonts
- Images
6. Browser makes requests for additional resources
- Those resources might request even more files
7. Once the browser gets to the bottom of the page it can start working on rendering, and then display the page
![MDN Page Load](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1434956/53033758-9da8d580-3426-11e9-9ab8-09f42ccab9a8.png)
# HTML Demo
HTML tags are the basis of all web applications. They give the page structure, and define the content within.
An HTML tag takes the following form:
```html
<tag class="foo" onclick="myFunction()" otherAttributes="values"> </tag>
```
HTML tags can also be nested to create a tree that we call the [Document Object Model](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction)
The [HTML demo page](https://microsoft.github.io/frontend-bootcamp/step1-01/html-demo/html-demo.html) is a large collection of HTML elements that you will come across during development. The full list of elements can be found on [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element).
## Sample Website
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>Frontend Workshop: By Micah Godbolt and Ken Chau</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./style.css" />
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Frontend Workshop</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="./about.html">About This Workshop</a></li>
<li><a href="./participate.html">Take This Workshop</a></li>
<li><a href="./contribute.html">Contribute to This Workshop</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<main>
<h2>About This Workshop</h2>
<p>
The first day provides an introduction to the fundamentals of the web: HTML, CSS and JavaScript.
</p>
<img src="../../assets/todo_screenshot.jpg" alt="Picture of the Todo App we will build" />
<p>
On the second day we'll dive into more advanced topics like TypeScript, testing, and state management.
</p>
</main>
<footer>
<h2>Get More Information</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/frontend-bootcamp"> Frontend Bootcamp </a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/micahgodbolt"> @micahgodbolt </a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/kenneth_chau"> @kenneth_chau</a></li>
</ul>
</footer>
</body>
</html>
```

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<section>
<h2><a target="_blank" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Content_sectioning">Content Sections</a></h2>
<pre>
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;header&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Heading 1&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;Heading 2&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;Heading 3&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;Heading 4&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;Heading 5&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;h6&gt;Heading 6&lt;/h6&gt;
<div>
<header>
<h1>My Website H1 inside Header</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="page1">About Me</a></li>
<li><a href="page2">Contact Me</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
&lt;nav&gt;&lt;/nav&gt;
&lt;/header&gt;
<main>
<h2>My Blog H2 inside Main</h2>
<article>
<header><h3>Blog Title 1 (H3 in Article Header)</h3></header>
<aside>
<p>Aside: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Praesent dictum ultricies elit eget luctus.</p>
</aside>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Tenetur architecto mollitia ducimus. Tempora dignissimos incidunt
consequuntur amet recusandae, eligendi eaque maxime in veritatis delectus non, molestiae vel ipsa! Natus, fuga!
</p>
</article>
<article>
<header><h3>Blog Title 2</h3></header>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Magnam, rem.
</p>
</article>
</main>
<footer>Copyright 2019 in the Footer</footer>
</div>
&lt;main&gt;
&lt;article&gt;&lt;/article&gt;
&lt;aside&gt;&lt;/aside&gt;
&lt;/main&gt;
&lt;footer&gt;&lt;/footer&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
</pre>
</section>
<hr />
<section>
@@ -135,21 +123,18 @@
<a target="_blank" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Inline_text_semantics">Inline text elements</a>
</h2>
<h3>Anchor tag, br and span</h3>
<h3>Anchor tag and span</h3>
<a target="_blank" href="https://example.com"> Website <span style="color: red">address in span tag</span> </a> (&lt;br&gt; tag here)
<br />
<a target="_blank" href="mailto:m.bluth@example.com">Email</a> (no &lt;br&gt;) <a target="_blank" href="tel:+123456789">Phone</a
><br />
<a target="_blank" href="https://example.com"> Anchor Tag with <span style="color: red">span tag wrapped around part of it</span> </a>
<h3>Inline style tags</h3>
<p><b>b tag</b> <em>em tag</em> <i>i tag</i> <sub>sub tag</sub> <sup>sup tab</sup> <code>code tag</code></p>
<h3>Image tag</h3>
<div>
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" width="100" />
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" width="50" />
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" width="150" />
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" alt="Fabric Logo" width="100" />
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" alt="Fabric Logo" width="50" />
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" alt="Fabric Logo" width="150" />
</div>
</section>
<hr />
@@ -248,6 +233,5 @@
</div>
</form>
</section>
<a href="../css-demo/css-demo.html">CSS Demo</a>
</body>
</html>

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# Step 1 Exercise
The power of HTML is its ability to represent complex information in a way that conveys meaning. In this exercise you are going to be creating an HTML page for my favorite recipe.
## The Exercise
1. Create a recipe page to host our recipe (page title, headings, sections, paragraphs, lists etc)
2. Use title, header, main, footer, headings (h1/h2 etc), paragraphs, lists
3. Use ordered and unordered lists appropriately
4. Add the `baked_beans.jpg` iagine included in this folder
5. Add an anchor tag around 'Wisconsin Beer Brats'
## 4th of July Baked Beans
It's great how a single meal can take you back dozens of years. This is one of those recipes that never seems to fail to impress.
I learned this recipe for the cousin of one of my college friends back in Nashville Tenessee. We had an amazing 4th of July feast which included this recipe and some bratworst like these Wisconsin Beer Brats https://www.culinaryhill.com/wisconsin-beer-brats/
Prep Time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 3+ hours
Servings: 12
**Ingredients**
1LB Bacon chopped
3 Cans Bush's Origin Baked Beans
1 Walla Wall Onion chopped
2 ground garlic cloves
3 Tablespoons of mustard
2 Tablespoons of molasses
3 Tablespoons of brown sugar
**Directions**
Cook bacon until it is mostly cooked, then drain most of the grease and put aside
Cook onion in remaining bacon grease
Combine onions and bacon, then add garlic, cook for a few more minutes
Add beans and get up to simmer temperate
Add mustard until your beans are nice and yellow
Add molassas until color darkens again
Add brown sugar until properly sweet
Simmer for a long time, occassionally sturing
**Expert Tipes**
Burning off most of the liquid gives you nice, hearty, sticky beans.
If the beans get too try, you can always add beer!
**Nutritional Information**
Calories: lots
Fat: lots
Fun: lots

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<html>
<head></head>
<body></body>
</html>

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# HTML Demo
HTML tags are the basis of all web applications. They give the page structure, and define the content within.
An HTML tag takes the following form:
```html
<tag class="foo" onclick="myFunction()" otherAttributes="values"> </tag>
```
HTML tags can also be nested to create a tree that we call the [Document Object Model](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document_Object_Model/Introduction)
```html
<div class="my-page">
<h1>My Page</h1>
<ul class="link">
<li><a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/frontend-bootcamp"> Frontend Bootcamp </a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/micahgodbolt"> @micahgodbolt </a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/kenneth_chau"> @kenneth_chau</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
```
The [HTML demo page](https://microsoft.github.io/frontend-bootcamp/step1-01/html-demo/html-demo.html) is a large collection of HTML elements that you will come across during development. The full list of elements can be found on [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element).
To learn more about each element, click on the element names below.
## [Document Metadata](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Document_metadata)
- [`html`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/html) - Root-level element
- [`head`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/head) - Provides general information (metadata) about the page
- [`title`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/title) - Defines document title shown in browser tab/title bar
- [`link`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/link) - Links to external resources (usually stylesheets)
- [`style`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/style) - Inline style tag
## [Content Sectioning](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Content_sectioning)
- [`section`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/section) - Generic section of content
- [`header`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/header) - Introductory content or navigational aid
- [`footer`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/footer) - Footer for nearest sectioning element
- [`main`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main) - Dominant content
- [`nav`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/nav) - Navigational aid
- [`article`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/article) - Syndicated content
- [`aside`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/aside) - Related information
- [`h1`,`h2`,`h3`,`h4`,`h5`,`h6`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements) - Section headings
## [Block Text Content](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Text_content)
- [`div`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/div) - Generic block level container
- [`p`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/p) - Paragraph
- [`ol`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ol) - Ordered list (1,2,3)
- [`ul`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ul) - Unordered list (bullets)
- [`li`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/li) - List item
- [`pre`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/pre) - Preformatted text
## [Inline Text Elements](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Inline_text_semantics)
- [`a`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/a) - Anchor element for creating links to other pages, files, programs
- [`span`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/span) - Generic inline container
- [`b`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/b) - Bring attention to content (usually bold)
- [`em`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/em) - Stress emphasis (usually italic)
- [`i`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/i) - Range of text set off from normal text (usually italic)
- [`sub`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sub) - Subscript text
- [`sup`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/sup) - Superscript text
- [`code`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/code) - Fragment of computer code (monospace)
## [Image and multimedia](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Inline_text_semantics)
- [`img`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img) - Embeds image into document
## [Table Content](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Table_content)
- [`table`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/table) - Root table container
- [`thead`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/thead) - Table head container
- [`tr`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/tr) - Table row
- [`th`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/th) - Table head cell
- [`tbody`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/tbody) - Table body container
- [`td`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/td) - Normal table cell
> We used to use tables to lay out applications. Each cell would be filled with slices of images from Photoshop or Fireworks. Rounded corners were created by elaborate table tricks
## [Forms](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#Forms)
- [`form`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form) - Form container
- [`label`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/label) - Label text for form elements
- [`select`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select) - A dropdown container
- [`option`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option) - Dropdown elements
- [`input`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input) - A form field to collect various types of input.
Possible `type` values include:
- `text`
- `checkbox`
- `color`
- `date`
- `radio`
- `submit`
# Next Step
[CSS Demo](../css-demo)

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<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../assets/shared.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static2.sharepointonline.com/files/fabric/office-ui-fabric-core/9.6.1/css/fabric.min.css" />
</head>
<body class="ms-Fabric">
<div class="Container">
<ul class="Tiles">
<li class="Tile"><a href="./html-demo/html-demo.html" class="Tile-link">HTML Demo</a></li>
<li class="Tile"><a href="./css-demo/css-demo.html" class="Tile-link">CSS Demo</a></li>
<li class="Tile"><a href="./css-demo/css-demo-final.html" class="Tile-link">CSS Demo Final</a></li>
<li class="Tile"><a href="./js-demo/js-demo.html" class="Tile-link">JS Demo</a></li>
<li class="Tile"><a href="./js-demo/js-demo-final.html" class="Tile-link">JS Demo Final</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<script src="../assets/scripts.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

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# JavaScript Demo
It's entirely possible to create a website with nothing but HTML and CSS, but as soon as you want user interaction other than links and forms, you'll need to reach for JavaScript, the scripting language of the web. Fortunately, JavaScript has grown up quite a bit since it was introduced in the 90s, and now runs just about everything: web applications, mobile applications, native applications, servers, robots and rocket ships.
In this demo we are going to cover a few of the core basics of the language that will help us when we start writing our TODO app. At the end of this demo we will be able to display the number of the letter "a"s in our email input. Here's the markup we're working with:
```html
<div id="contact-form">
<label>Email</label><input id="email" type="email" />
<input class="submit" value="Submit" type="submit" />
</div>
```
By the end of the demo we'll have covered the following:
- Variables
- Eventing
- Functions
- Conditionals
- Loops
- Interacting with the DOM (Document Object Model)
## Introduction To Variables
We can create a new variable with the keywords `var`, `let`, `const` and use them within our application. These variables can contain one of the following types of values:
> Use `const` for variables you never expect to change, and `let` for anything else. `var` is mostly out of fasion.
- **boolean**: `true`, `false`
- **number**: `1`, `3.14`
- **string**: `'single quotes'`, `"double quotes"`, or `` `backticks` ``
- **array**: `[ 1, 2, 3, 'hello', 'world']`
- **object**: `{ foo: 3, bar: 'hello' }`
- **function**: `function(foo) { return foo + 1 }`
- **null**
- **undefined**
### Variable Examples
```js
let myBoolean = true;
let myNumber = 5;
let myString = `Using backticks I can reuse other variables ${myNumber}`;
let myArray = [1, 'cat', false, myString];
let myObject = { key1: 'value1', anotherKey: myArray };
let myFunction = function(myNumberParam) {
console.log(myNumber + myNumberParam);
};
```
> JavaScript is a loosely typed (dynamic) language, so if you initially store a number in a variable (`let myVar = 0`), you can change it to contain a string by simply writing `myVar = 'hello'` without any trouble.
### Adding Variables
Let's start off our demo by adding some variables to our [script tag](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/script). The other examples on this page will reference these variables.
```js
const match = 'a';
let matches = 0;
```
## Functions
Functions are reusable pieces of functionality. Functions can take inputs (parameters) and return values (or neither). Functions can be called from within your program, from within other functions, or invoked from within the DOM itself.
In our example we'll create a function called `displayMatches` (camelCase is typical for functions) and we'll invoke this function every time that our submit button is clicked. For now we'll simply have our function call `alert("I'm Clicked")`, which is a function that creates an alert in your browser.
```js
function displayMatches() {
alert("I'm Clicked");
}
```
## Events
Functions on their own don't have any affect on the page. When I declare `function displayMatches()` I have only defined the function, I haven't actually triggered it.
To execute a function we need to attach it to an event. There are a number of possible events: keyboard strokes, mouse clicks, document loading etc...
### Add Event Listeners
To attach a function to an event, we use an [`addEventListener`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventListener) like this:
```js
window.addEventListener('load', function() {
console.log('loaded');
});
window.addEventListener('click', function() {
console.log('click');
});
```
> The `window` is a reference to the entire HTML document
### Global Event Handlers
If this feels a little verbose, you're not alone. Many of the [most common event types](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/GlobalEventHandlers) are added as element properties. This way we can set properties like `onload` or `onclick` like this:
```js
window.onload = function() {
console.log('loaded!');
};
window.onclick = function() {
console.log('clicked!');
};
```
> Note that only a single function can be assigned to `onload`, but many eventListeners can be added to `load`
In our example we want to trigger a function based on the click of a button. To do this, we first need to get a reference to the button. We can use `querySelector` to get that reference. And then we can set its `onclick` value just like above.
```js
const button = docment.querySelector('.submit');
button.onclick = displayMatches();
```
You can also combine these together like this:
```js
docment.querySelector('.submit').onclick = displayMatches();
```
Wire this up and see you function in action!
## Iteration
Next we'll update our function to iterate through a string of letters. We loop over each letter using the [`for of`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/for...of) syntax. We'll use real input later, but for now this verifies that our function is working.
```js
function displayMatches() {
const text = 'abcda';
for (let letter of text) {
console.log(letter);
}
}
```
## Conditionals
Next we want to compare each `letter` with our `match` value, and if they are the same, we will increment our `matches` variable. Remember that `letter = match` would set the `letter` variable to the value in `match`, so to do comparisons, we use the equality operator `==` or the strict equality operator `===`.
```js
function displayMatches() {
const text = 'abcda';
for (let letter of text) {
if (letter === match) {
matches++;
}
}
console.log(matches);
}
```
> In JavaScript, it's safest to use strict `===` for comparisons, because `==` will try to convert the operands to the same type. For example, `"1" == 1` is true whereas `"1" === 1` is false, but the behavior in certain other cases is [not what you'd expect](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=et8xNAc2ic8). (See [this video](https://www.destroyallsoftware.com/talks/wat) for more strange JavaScript behavior.)
## Interacting with the DOM
Now that we have a function performing all of our logic, it's time to connect this to our DOM by using some of the browser's built-in functions.
First we need to get a reference to the email field in our app's DOM. To do this, I've added an `id` to the input, and we will call one of JavaScript's oldest methods (IE 5.5), `getElementById`, which we find on the browser-provided `document` global variable. This function will return a reference to that input, and we can store it in the `email` variable.
```js
function displayMatches() {
const email = document.getElementById('email');
console.log(email);
...
}
```
Since what we're actually after is the value of the input field, we can set our `text` variable to the string assigned to the email input's `value` key. To see this in action, in Chrome you can right click on the console message created by the code above, choose "save as variable" and then type `variableName.value`.
```js
function displayMatches() {
const email = document.getElementById('email');
const text = email.value;
console.log(text);
...
}
```
### Returning the values to the DOM
Now that we've read values from the DOM and fed that into our matching logic, we are ready to return the number of matches to our app. To do this we first need to grab a reference to our submit button, and since this button has no `id` we are going to use the more modern (IE8+) `querySelector` to get it. This function takes any valid CSS selector and returns the first match found.
```js
function displayMatches() {
...
const submit = document.querySelector('.submit');
}
```
Now that we have a reference to the submit input, we can set its value contain to the number of matches.
```js
function displayMatches() {
...
const submit = document.querySelector('.submit');
submit.value = matches + ' matches';
}
```
We could also have done this in a single line as follows:
```js
function displayMatches() {
...
document.querySelector('.submit').value = matches + ' matches';
}
```
## Next Step
[Start our Todo App](../../step1-02/demo/)

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<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css-demo/css-demo-final.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>This is my <span>Title</span></h1>
<div class="tiles">
<div class="links">
<h2>Important Links</h2>
<a href="#">We're Awesome</a>
<a href="#">Learn More</a>
<a href="#">Hire Us</a>
</div>
<div>
<h2>Our Logo</h2>
<img src="../../assets/fabric.jpg" width="100" alt="fabric logo" />
</div>
<div>
<h2>Contact Us</h2>
<div id="contact-form">
<label>Email</label><input id="email" type="email" />
<input onclick="displayMatches()" class="submit" value="Submit" type="submit" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script>
const match = 'a';
let matches = 0;
function displayMatches() {
const email = document.getElementById('email');
const text = email.value;
for (let letter of text) {
if (letter === match) {
matches++;
}
}
const submit = document.querySelector('.submit');
submit.value = matches + ' matches';
}
</script>
</html>

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<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css-demo/css-demo-final.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div>
<div class="tiles">
<div>
<h2>Contact Us</h2>
<div id="contact-form">
<label>Email</label><input id="email" type="email" />
<input class="submit" value="Submit" type="submit" />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script></script>
</html>